The Germans had developed their own radar technology, but the British developed much better techniques for integrating the intelligence obtained from radar to guide tactical decisions.The Manhattan Project, the top-secret project to develop the first atomic bombs, was one of the most ambitious and expensive military research projects in history. But a minority of French troops opted to join the Free French, a government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny. The Americans and British each suffered around 400,000 deaths of military personnel. Scientists detonated the first nuclear explosion in history at the Trinity Test Site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.The British and Americans enjoyed a huge strategic advantage: for much of the war, they could decipher their enemies’ coded messages. The vastly outnumbered Finnish troops put up a surprisingly stiff resistance, imposing heavy losses on a Russian army that wasn’t well prepared for combat in the bitterly cold environment of a Finnish winter. The victorious Japanese took around 75,000 prisoners, including around 10,000 American troops. In the first few months, the campaign was stunningly successful.
The stakes of such an invasion couldn’t have been higher.
The British, French, and American zones were combined to form the democratic state of West Germany. work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. But first, Germany needed to gain control of the skies over Britain. Jews were the primary victims - six million were murdered. In June 1944, Allied forces landed in northern France, beginning the liberation of Western Europe. The war ended with an armistice signed in 1953. So when Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, the British and French responded by declaring war on the Nazis.
Increasing Soviet resistance halted the German advance, preventing the Germans from capturing the key cities of Leningrad and Moscow. Aircraft carriers rendered these older ships practically obsolete. The center for British code-breaking was Bletchley Park, an estate about 50 miles northwest of London. Reference. Here, a team of brilliant mathematicians and code-breakers, backed by as many as 9,000 support staff (predominantly women), analyzed coded enemy messages that had been transmitted by radio. This amazingly detailed animated map, by YouTube user Emperor Tigerstar, provides a global view of the conflict. Tensions escalated into full-scale war by 1937. It’s true that the fixed defenses of the Line were less useful against highly mobile Nazi tanks than they would have been against German troops circa 1914. As this map shows, almost every sovereign nation on Earth has become a member of the organization. It is illustrated by this map prepared by Douglas MacArthur, one of the top American commanders in the Pacific. When Hitler began forcefully annexing territory to his east in 1938, it provoked a political crisis and, a year later, the start of World War II.People often describe World War II as beginning in September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Alternatively, go to the Index of Resources for the full contents of the site. Many historians consider the Battle of Stalingrad to be a decisive turning point in the European war.After the fall of France, Britain didn’t have the military strength required to mount an amphibious invasion of the Axis-held European continent. They surrendered after a 3-month siege. As the German advance stalled in the east, Germany moved to consolidate its dominance in Europe. They hoped to knock the Italians out of the war, leaving Germany to fight the Allies alone. This progress set the stage for the final advance on Germany’s homeland in 1945.For obvious reasons, American memories of World War II focus on episodes where the United States or our English-speaking allies played an important role. German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory. The Stalingrad conflict cost the Germans as many as 800,000 casualties, while Soviet casualties numbered more than a million. France suffered 200,000. An amphibious assault on Italy began in September 1943. The V-2 was the forerunner of the Intercontinental ballistic missiles the US and the USSR both developed in the 1950s to deliver nuclear warheads. Between July and October, they lost dramatically more airplanes than the British. To learn more or opt-out, read our World War II was a great tragedy, claiming 60 million lives and throwing millions more into turmoil.
Not only did Soviet troops annex the Eastern half of Poland shortly after Hitler invaded the country, but the Russians launched the little-remembered “Winter War” against Finland in November 1939. The Japanese took the British colonies of Hong Kong in December and Singapore in February.
The American military presence has sometimes created tensions in Japan. By this point, the Japanese were severely outgunned, but they staged a last, desperate effort to ward off defeat. In June 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. It forced early fighting to occur on Belgian rather than French soil, giving the French army time to mobilize before German troops arrived. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, US commander Dwight Eisenhower, and other observers all gave these code-breaking efforts a major share of the credit for winning the war. Perhaps as a result, the continent’s major powers have never fought another war against each other.In the wake of World War I, the victorious Allies attempted to create a League of Nations that could help mediate disputes and prevent the outbreak of another war. After a year, the Soviets relented and lifted their blockade, allowing goods to be delivered by truck and rail once again. British industry was able to build planes more quickly than their enemies could destroy them, something that wasn’t true for the Germans.
That allowed the US to launch the first carrier-to-carrier attack of the battle. In 1948, in an effort to seize control over all of Berlin, Stalin stopped allowing surface shipping between West Germany and the Western-occupied sections of Berlin. Overcrowded, filthy, with few supplies, these camps became sites of mass death.
This map shows the situation in 1940; the areas in pink were under Japanese control.
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